How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? /F5 24 0 R 0000002251 00000 n . State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review simply because of poor finances arising from ade8uate revenue generation drive. /Count 10 /StructParents 0 Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). %PDF-1.5 stream (2011). (&. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] What are the sources of revenue for state governments? In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. /Resources << >> In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. Miscellaneous sources, such as special assessments, provided 7 percent of state general revenue. Gordon, Tracy. Transfers fell from 1977 through most of the 1980s but increased slowly though the 1990s. Keywords: Local Government, Federalism, Revenue Allocation and Fiscal Federalism 1. (2014). Concept Publications. Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? /Image8 18 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] << A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. The data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency for primary data and content analysis for secondary data. /Meta58 47 0 R It operates a federal system of government that is, . /Type /Group In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. . 2. /Type /Page /F1 20 0 R Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ A., & Adewoye, J. O. All dates in sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise. Cresthill Publishers Limited. /Group << %PDF-1.5 As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. N /Contents [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R] 4 0 obj How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities 3.5 Local government revenue sources by jurisdiction 7 3.6 Local government expenses by purpose 8 3.7 Taxation revenue share by sphere of government and source of revenue 8 3.8 Share of total taxation revenue by sphere of government over time 9 3.9 Vertical fiscal imbalance in Australia 10 4. By 2050, 68 percent of the global population will live in urban areas. Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. endobj Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. /XObject << (2022). /Image8 18 0 R >> Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. This intervention is typically most applicable to service feesspecifically, utility services such as water, sewage, or electricity. 7. /Parent 2 0 R Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. /S /Transparency Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). /Resources << << endobj If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] /F2 83 0 R What are municipal bonds and how are they used? /F3 22 0 R What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m /S /Transparency ZY,$85Y4$4p8 xGYX4238. Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? Innovation is poverty reduction: The role of local government. In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. 0 In the last 10 years, Illinois has reduced the portion of income tax returned to cities and towns. >> Local government and finance in Nigeria in state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. /Meta37 37 0 R GRIN Verlag. /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? These activities, such as hospitality charges and taxes on plastic bottles and bags, carbon from vehicles, and vacant land, do not involve the delivery of services from the government. 5356 11 /F4 23 0 R Principles of leadership. The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . First, to identify the relevant revenue streams and which interventions to apply, cities should determine the relevant data and revenue baselines. /Group << >> . % What are the consequences of the new US international tax system? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Meta37 37 0 R /XObject << This unit has several responsibilities. >> Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. 8. What types of nonemployer-sponsored retirement savings accounts are available? 5/27/2020. 3. /Parent 2 0 R What are the sources of revenue for state governments? /F4 23 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Image8 18 0 R What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? /Meta56 45 0 R Local government administration in Nigeria: A comparative perspective. >> What are the sources of revenue for local governments? 3. >> How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? (2006). The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, To meet rising expectations for service delivery amid tight budgets, municipal governments must increase revenues from existing sources as well as create new revenue streams. /GS31 30 0 R Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. /Tabs /S Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. /Meta51 48 0 R )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ /S /Transparency What are the tax benefits of homeownership? Local governments collected $1.9 trillion in general revenues in 2019. The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> <>stream 1 0 obj What are automatic stabilizers and how do they work? Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. /StructParents 3 0000003670 00000 n How might the taxation of capital gains be improved? wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 Learning theories: Their influence on teaching methods. Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. Something went wrong. Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. /F5 40 0 R /Resources << 8 0 obj Local governments include county governments, municipalities, townships, special districts (such as water and sewage authorities), and school districts. For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. /ExtGState << There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. /XObject << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Census of Governments, vol. state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. It also excludes revenues from government's "business-like" activities such as water, gas, electricity, and transit utilities; government-run liquor stores; and government-administered insurance trusts such as employee retirement, unemployment compensation, and workers compensation systems. It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. <>>> /Meta38 38 0 R Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. (2016). >> Gkq;T$iH5p6m&C~W]'%Yv$Jq * This applies to administrative services as well as other city services such as utility provision. Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. I. 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