doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. Rev. Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). Velu, S., Velayutham, V., and Manickkam, S. (2016). We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological Microbiology, Medical Technological Microbiology, and Materials Technological Microbiology, as follows. (2015). J. Pharm. Crop Prot. Quart. Environ. N. Engl. Genetic immunization: bacteria as DNA vaccine delivery vehicles. Pasteur, L. (2002). doi: 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, S., and Andreana, P. R. (2016). It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. 60:29630. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29630, Moon, H. G., Jang, Y.-S., Cho, C., Lee, J., Binkley, R., and Lee, S. Y. 22, 2733. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Florida Water Resour. (2016). Lett. Pathol. Nat. Expert Opin. Technol. Industrial production of acetone and butanol by fermentation-100 years later. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094, Pires, A. L. R., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Ahmad, S., Abbas, S. S., Prakash, R., Alam, A., and Husain, M. A. Investigation of ancient Egyptian baking and brewing methods by correlative microscopy. J. Interdiscip. (2007). 6, 251260. A study showed that SeNPs attach to the bacterial cell wall, causing irreversible damage to the membrane, thus achieving a remarkable synergistic antibacterial effect that inhibits MRSA (Huang X. et al., 2016). This is a challenge to be faced by Technological Microbiology in the coming years. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Energy Combust. For example, approximately 30% of commercially available recombinant proteins are currently produced in prokaryotic systems (Overton, 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.017, Liao, J. C., Mi, L., Pontrelli, S., and Luo, S. (2016). Dairy J. The boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960. Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. A. (2008). (2005). Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred to as whole-genome methods. Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. Anal. Rev. The presence of the bacteria reduces the mosquito life span, thus decreasing the possibility of dengue virus transmission, since only adult females are able to transmit (Cook et al., 2008; Turley et al., 2009; Bian et al., 2010). Z., Lima, V. M. G., Giese, E. C., Dekker, R. F. H., and Barbosa, A. M. (2011). 72, 8549285499. 17, 204214. Sci. Biotechnol. Bioanal. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2014.940847, Jozala, A. F., Geraldes, D. C., Tundisi, L. L., Feitosa, V. A., Breyer, C. A., Cardoso, S. L., et al. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. Biol. 1, 1015. 10, 589602. Appl. Nickel biosorption by fungal chitosan from Mucor Indicus. Nat. Sci. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Nature 517, 455459. doi: 10.1002/ecy.1514. Front. Crit. Biochem. An easy setup, rapid processing and high accuracy facilitate accurate microbial identification and thus it is more preferred over the conventional culturing methods. A. However, the future popularization of protein engineering techniques, especially site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), which allows the substitution, elimination or insertion of one or more amino acids in the sequence of a protein, is expected to enable the availability of less expensive biobetters, which are the main growing class of biopharmaceuticals (Courtois et al., 2016; Jozala et al., 2016). When females without Wolbachia mate with males with Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die. Microbial diversity: the tree of life comes of age. Technol. Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). 71, 27892792. In this last case, the microorganism may be genetically modified, but would never take part directly in the food fermentation process (the metabolite is purified from biotechnological fermentation and added as a pure additive to the food matrix). 4, 191197. J. Biol. (2008). Use of Technological Microbiology in the generation of products and services. Using wastewater after lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Cytoplasmic incompatibility facilitates the propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their persistence over time (McMeniman et al., 2009). MAbs 8, 99112. Most of the time, the products and processes generated by systems biotechnology are expensive and of little benefit when implemented on a large scale. doi: 10.1007/s00216-007-1211-5, Keitel, W. A., Bond, N. L., Zahradnik, J. M., Cramton, T. A., and Robbins, J. Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: the history and evolution of current concepts. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. Potentiometric microbial electrode. Stopping superbugs, maintaining the microbiota. Microorganisms have also been potentially explored for the production of a new generation of biofuels (Liao et al., 2016). In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. 21, 502507. C R Sances Acad. Characterization of a biogas-producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA sequencing. Recombinant microbial biosensor for cadmium and lead detection. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-1979-0, Borghese, R., Brucale, M., Fortunato, G., Lanzi, M., Mezzi, A., Valle, F., et al. U.S.A. 74, 50885090. 73, 190197. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.005, Suksong, W., Kongjan, P., Prasertsan, P., Imai, T., and O-Thong, S. (2016). Analysis of microbial genomes has contributed to the development of new antibiotics, diagnostic tools, vaccines, medical treatments, and environmental cleanup techniques. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. (2016). This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: an emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. 5.1. (1996). FIGURE 3. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. After the first three steps of replication (absorption, penetration, and synthesis), the virus enters into the assembly stage, during which fully formed virions . doi: 10.1111/pce.12600, Krause, L., Diaz, N. N., Edwards, R. A., Gartemann, K.-H., Krmeke, H., Neuweger, H., et al. Pochanavanich, P., and Suntornsuk, W. (2002). In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. J. Bras. Wang, L., Cao, Z., Hou, L., Yin, L., Wang, D., Gao, Q., et al. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. 18, 423430. The PCR tests on the CSF and synovial fluid came back positive for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. JAMA 311, 826835. Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid waste. Chem. Indian J. Exp. (1996). The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. 66, 1532. Biomaterials 27, 145151. Acad. Biosci. Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. GMOs. Formation of Se (0) nanoparticles by Duganella sp. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00423-0, Beck, A. 370, 11981208. J. Invertebr. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. 54, 151155. 87, 410. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc. Bioprocess Eng. Alginates as biomaterials in tissue engineering, in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Chemical and Biological Approaches, ed. "Microbial Enzymes: Roles and applications in industry" offers an essential update on the field of microbial biotechnology, and presents the latest information on a range of microbial. doi: 10.1007/s11947-016-1744-1748, Cano-Garrido, O., Cspedes, M. V., Unzueta, U., Saccardo, P., Roldn, M., Snchez-Chardi, A., et al. LWT Food Sci. 6:e1000833. Effects of pellet characteristics on L-lactic acid fermentation by R. oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure. PLoS ONE 10:e0128008. Int. Plant Prot. Energy 35, 14411449. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Biotechnology of bread baking. Pharmaceutics 8, 7. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007, Nizet, V. (2015). 63, 541556. Attempts at improving citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger in beet-molasses medium. At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. 23, 353361. Biosynthesis of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris LRELP-1 using kitchen waste as the sole substrate. Thus, the genome is constant, but the proteome varies and is dynamic within an organism. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0030, Gill, S. S., Cowles, E. A., and Pietrantonio, P. V. (1992). Vaccines 4:19. doi: 10.3390/vaccines4020019, Setha, T., Chantha, N., Benjamin, S., and Socheat, D. (2016). Prog. Nutr. J. Nematol. Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities during composting. (2016). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Technol. Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.08.001, Tiquia, S. M., Wan, H. C., and Tam, N. F. Y. Prokaryotic production systems are required whenever the recombinant proteins are smaller or do not require post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, or proteolytic cleavage. 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. These include vaccines against Salmonella typhi and Neisseria meningitides (Keitel et al., 1994; King et al., 1996). doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.054, Katrlik, J., Vostiar, I., Sefcovicova, J., Tkac, J., Mastihuba, V., Valach, M., et al. Food Hydrocoll. Generalized Transduction. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002, Arber, W. (1974). PCR amplifies the number of copies of DNA and can assist in diagnosis of infections caused by microbes that are difficult to culture, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (right). 5, 396. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7432.1, Cook, P. E., McMeniman, C. J., and ONeill, S. L. (2008). Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Chemosphere 37, 15711577. (1998). Many multi-antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli also fit the description of superbugs, such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and polymyxins have emerged as the major last-line of defense against these gram-negative superbugs (Velkov et al., 2016). EBioMedicine 10, 312317. 30, 397407. Molecular biology will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits. Microbiol. Vaccines are classified according to the type of antigen they possess: (A) attenuated or live, (B) inactivated (subdivided into B1 whole or fractionated, B2 subunit vaccines, B3 toxoids, B4 carbohydrate vaccines, and B5 conjugates), (C) DNA vaccines, and (D) recombinant vaccines (Figure 4). Gene therapy 5. 19, 201223. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Bread, beer and wine: yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.018, Tayel, A. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). 4:e040253. Biochem. Pharm. Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. 100, 57915803. FIGURE 2. 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). Res. (2000). 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). Adv. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. Chapter 4: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology, Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics, Chapter 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity, Chapter 13: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses, Chapter 14: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses, Chapter 15: Diseases of the Immune System, Chapter 17: Respiratory System Infections, Chapter 18: Urogenital System Infections, Chapter 20: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections, Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Next: 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 100, 54785484. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. R., Alam, A., and Moraes, A., and Ravetch, J. C., Mi,,. With males with Wolbachia, the genome is constant, but the proteome varies and is within. 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