However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The 2-6-6-6 "Allegheny," developed for the C&O, was a monster of a locomotive and arguably the most powerful ever built. Back when San Francisco's luxurious destination Nob Hill was just another neighborhood in the newly incorporated city, a young German immigrant named Nicholas Yung built himself a modest three-story house at the top of what was then California Hill. Up until this time he had worked a number of odd jobs and for a time tried his hand at owning a small foundry business. Alas, in 2013 the site closed. [12] In 1910, in the same plot where the fence stood, the cornerstone was laid for Grace Cathedral. Charles Crocker never really donated his money, however, he did spend it on land and to build a large fence around his neighbors house and property. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Instead, Crocker decided to go bully. Nicholas Yung passed away in 1880. The Yungs felt as if they were living at the bottom of a well. Including actress Kate McComb (18711959), from Mary Crocker's first marriage to Charles L. Scudder. He had some members of the media on his side, who condemned Crockers Crime and criticized the financier for using his immense wealth to bully a family of more modest means. Vous tes ici : jacob ramsey siblings; map of california central coast cities; how did charles crocker donate his money . Water-borne illness was often a serious concern. Kearney told the crowd that had gathered that if Crocker didn't remove the spite fence, the Workingmen's Party of California would tear it down. The sixth child, born on October 22, 1821, they christened Collis Potter Huntington. Crocker refused to raise his offer. If you are researching anything EMD related please visit this page first. [29], Through his son William, he was the grandfather of Charles Crocker, William Willard Crocker, Helen Crocker (Russell) and Ethel Mary Crocker (de Limur).[22]. Crocker may have thought the feud would end with Yungs death in 1880. In 1906, an earthquake and related fire swept through San Francisco, gutting the Crocker mansion and neighboring buildings. [24][1] He was buried in a mausoleum located on "Millionaire's Row" at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. His widow, Rosina, continued to rebuff offers to sell the now-vacant land, which was slowly becoming a place for empty cans and other garbage. Official", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Crocker&oldid=1140736948, 19th-century American railroad executives, Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California), Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Crocker was born on September 16, 1822 in Troy, New York the son of a farmer. The Spite Fence stayed in place until, a few years later, Yung eventually sold out to Crocker and the fence was torn down. The men slept together on bunks in the rolling fortresses Casement had designed for them the previous winter. Call His Brother Home - William H. Crocker Hastens from Europe -- $6,000,000 Inheritance Won By Five Years' Fight Against Drink", "MISS ALEXANDER TO WED S. WHITEHOUSE; Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Alexander Engaged to Diplomatist. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Donald Duke photo. Impressive Workers 5 When was Collis Potter Huntington born? Charles Crocker, (born Sept. 16, 1822, Troy, N.Y., U.S.died Aug. 14, 1888, Monterey, Calif.), American businessman and banker, chief contractor in the building of the Central Pacific (later the Southern Pacific) Railroad. Teamsters drove their carts forward along the new track, and the whole process repeated itself again and again, an assembly line moving forward on the product it assembled. America's first steam locomotive made its debut in 1830, and over the next two decades, railroad tracks linked many cities on the East . Charles Crocker remained a successful businessman in Sacramento until the mid-1850s. The foreman objected. He later became president of the Southern Pacific Railroad, which ended up absorbing the Central Pacific. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Charles Crocker moved out west to California following the gold rush. With no more neighbors to spite, the fence was torn down in 1905. Famously, Crocker replied, "Did they not build the Chinese Wall, the biggest piece of masonry in the world?" Yung doubled down, refusing to move. Nicholas Yung considered himself a lucky man. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Corrections? how did charles crocker donate his money. He first made his wealth from managing railroads, but eventually moved into steel. When Yung turned down Crocker's bid to buy his lot, Crocker spent $3,000 -- something like $70,000 in 21st century money . as one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad along with, Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker. Money, of course, was no object to Crocker -- but Nicholas Yung (who owned the northeast corner of Crocker's block) was. "One by one, platform cars dumped their iron, two miles of material in each trainload, and teams of Irishmen fairly ran the five-hundred-pound rails and hardware forward," writes author David Bain. When dynamite was used to level the craggy hilltop for his home, Crocker apparently ordered his workmen to aim the flying debris towards Yung's house. One of his "Big Four" associates, Leland Stanfordformer governor of California and future founder of Stanford Universitysuggested that the area would make for a beautiful residential plot if a cable car could bring residents up and down the hill. how did charles crocker donate his money. He planned a grand spectacle of his wealth and power including a 75-foot tower from which he could view the goings-on of San Francisco. Spike men followed behind, dropping spikes onto the grade. Stanford, at least, would change his tune. He established himself in the mortuary business and in 1855 he and his wife bought a corner lot at the top of the California Street Hill and built a modest home. Leland Stanford and Mark Hopkins both built palatial mansions on what had become -- almost overnight -- Nob Hill. Collis Potter Huntington/Place of burial In early 1865 the Central Pacific had work enough for 4,000 men. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Adams said in videos over the last two days that he lost his animated "Dilbert" series on UPN for "being . The Central Pacific management puzzled over how it could attract and retain a work force up to the enormous task. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He quit school at the age of 12 to help out his family as his father struggled to make a living farming. A merchant and general businessman for years, once Huntington entered the railroad industry he became highly successful. MENU. Spite fences were thereafter made illegal in San Francisco. A popular pastime for many is studying and/or exploring abandoned rights-of-way. However, Don Strack rescued the data and transferred it over to his, If you are researching anything EMD related please visit, If you are researching active or abandoned corridors you might want to check out the, "Tennessean" (Train): Timetable, Schedule, Accommodations, Milwaukee Road's "Pipestone Pass" (MT): Map, Tunnel, History. Union General Grenville Dodgeoffered use of Indian prisoners from his winter campaign. Study guides. In those days the treacherous climb made Yung's hilltop home seem almost isolated and removed from the hustle and bustle of Gold Rush San Francisco. Charles Crocker, a co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, as well as the bank that later became Wells Fargo, had built his 25,000 square-foot home at the peak of Nob Hill (then called California Hill). James Fisk, nicknamed the "Barnum of Wall Street," was an aggressive Wall Street broker. In his personal life, Rogers became close friends with writer Mark Twain after he helping him reorganize his finances. Collis Potter Huntington (October 22, 1821 August 13, 1900) was one of the Big Four of western railroading. Charles Crocker was the first Central Pacific Associate to ride the completed transcontinental road, tracing his former wagon route back east. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He left in 1903 to run Bethlehem Steel, which he grew into the second-largest steel maker in the country. The caption for the photo of Crocker's ruins:"Charles Crockers residence destroyed by the San Francisco earthquake of 1905"should read "earthquake of 1906". The party's slogan was "The Chinese Must Go." Congressman Francis Burton Harrison; Charles Templeton Crocker (18841948); and Jennie Adeline Crocker (18871974). Yung was too comfortably fixed, and although not wealthy, he saw no reason why he should trade his residence for some other property just because some pompous ass wanted to build an ostentatious house. Like their Irish counterparts on the Central Pacific, the Union Pacific men had a staple diet of beef, bread, and black coffee. Sign up for our newsletter to get the inside scoop on what traders are talking about delivered daily to your inbox. No obstacle was going to get in the way of Crocker or the progress of Capitalism. He eventually lost his fortune in the Panic of 1873. Hammer-wielders picked up the spikes, tapped them gently into the ties, then with three heavy strokes of the sledgehammer drove them home, securing the rail to its bed. Yungs tranquility was disrupted with the arrival of the California Street Cable Railroad in 1878 founded by Leland Stanford, the President of the Central Pacific Railroad and the future founder of Stanford University. Crocker abandoned his attempt at prospecting in 1852 and opened a store in Sacramento, becoming extremely wealthy by 1854. Jay Cooke opened his own bank, Cooke & Co., in 1861. Donald Fixico, Thomas Bowlus Distinguished Professor of American Indian History and Director of the Center for Indigenous Nations Studies at the University of Kansas, talks about the West before white settlement. With only northern exposure left to them, the Yungs felt as if they were living at the bottom of a well. Indian sightings sufficed to spook men, and line surveyors did not always return from their routes. In the end Yung had no option but to move his residence to Broderick Street, but he refused to sell the now-vacant lot. northwest Oregon to southeast Louisiana! And in a strange twist, the place where Crocker had once built a monument to spite and malice became a home for compassion and warmth. In early 1865 the Central Pacific had work enough for 4,000 men. [4], In 1864, Charles asked his older brother Edwin to serve as legal counsel for the Central Pacific Railroad. Despite a rough start, he established himself in Sacramento by the turn of the decade. Crocker became the contractor in charge of construction, hiring men and equipment, setting up campsites, and acting as paymaster and accountant. It was here where Crocker had many jobs working at farms, sawmills, and an iron forge. His strategies proved successful, but the Great Depression ultimately caused debt to balloon again. When did need for Speed Undercover come out? The fence rose forty feet into the sky and the view, the sunshine, and the fresh air that the Yung's had enjoyed were all but completely taken away. Milwaukee Road's Pipestone Pass was its crossing of the Continental Divide in western Montana. Organizers led 2000 men through a demonstration; one man, known only as Pickett, stood up and admonished Crocker for the spite fence, telling him it would be torn down by Thanksgiving or the WPC would do it for him. You can still visit it today in New York. Gould ultimately ended up in control of the railroad, and reportedly teamed up with Boss Tweed and Peter Sweeney to further profit from speculations on the stock. After he sold down, he was replaced by John J. Valentine, Sr.[7] Crocker also acquired controlling interest for his son William in Woolworth National Bank, which was renamed Crocker-Anglo Bank. The word "Miami" derives from "Myaamia" (or Myaamiaki in plural), which was what the Native Americans who originally inhabited the region called themselves. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [14] Mary was the daughter of John Jay Deming and Emily (ne Reed) Deming. But the undertaker held his ground. April 28, 1868 was the appointed day, and Crocker had prepared well. With enough lumber to build a 40-foot-tall, blighting fence around much of Yungs property, Crocker and his spite fence became a legendary revenge tale, a tourist attraction, and a lesson in the danger of escalating tempers. The fence was so tall it had to braced with big timbers and cost Crocker $3,000. When a group of Irish masons struck for higher wages, Crocker suggested using Chinese men in their place. Carnegie was away at the time, but did not escape criticism. This episode also ended up hurting then-President Ulysses S. Grant's popularity. 1950s), spanning over 15,000 miles and reaching from the stretches of Today the impressive Grace Cathedral stands where Crocker and Yung once lived. He was also the guy who thought of using long pipelines to transport oil instead of railway cars. As progress on the mansion continued, Crocker became more and more desperate to have Yung and his house removed. how did charles crocker make his money Blog; About; Tours; Contact On September 5, 1876 at the Lang Southern Pacific Station, a California Historic Landmark, Crocker hammered a golden spike into a railroad tie, the ceremonial spike was driven to celebrate the completion of San Joaquin Valley rail line. Additionally, by 1866 the railroad had managed to import Irishmen from the teeming cities of the eastern seaboard. Teamsters and graders received the least, while the iron men got the healthiest sum of anybody save their foremen. The newcomers seemed alien in other ways: they bathed themselves, washed their clothes, stayed away from whiskey. Collis Potter Huntington (October 22, 1821 - August 13, 1900) was an American industrialist and railway magnate. Ted's Bio; Fact Sheet; Hoja Informativa Del Ted Fund; Ted Fund Board 2021-22; 2021 Ted Fund Donors; Ted Fund Donors Over the Years. Today, there are tens of thousands of miles scattered throughout the country. In keeping with prejudices of the day, some Central Pacific officials believed that Irishmen were inclined to spend their wages on liquor, and that the Chinese were also unreliable. The newfound accessibility turned the once remote California Street Hill into San Francisco's most exclusive real estate area. On October 29th, 1878 the WPC held a mass rally on top of Nob Hill. Nicholas Yung was a native of Germany who had arrived in the U.S. in 1848. He also innovated in the field of promotional events, giving out free samples of cigarettes to immigrants, hoping that they'd come back as paying customers later. Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Theodore Judah, and Charles Crocker who agreed He helped create the Aluminum Company of America, the Gulf Oil Company, and the Union Steel Company. near the mines, along with his two brothers. The following year, the Great San Francisco's earthquake levelled Crockers ostentatious mansion. His Carnegie Steel Company transformed steel production in the US, and was the largest of its kind in the world by 1889. He also helped Wall Street get through the 1907 crisis. He was also the major force behind the General Electric merger in 1892, and helped consolidate US Steel. At the age of 23, in 1845, he founded a small, independent iron forge of his own. Toward the end of the line, Crocker was so convinced of the skill of his Irish and Chinese workers that he decided to try for a record by laying 10 miles of track in one day. In contrast, Irishmen were paid $35 per month, with board provided. [9] The San Francisco-based bank no longer exists, as it was acquired by Wells Fargo in 1986. When the Rockefellers were building up the Standard Oil Company, they took over the business that Rogers worked at, and he quickly rose up the ranks within Standard Oil. An official, 1929 system map of the Southern Pacific Lines. He acquired the land on which to lay the tracks by simply buying the right-of-way at the appraised value with or without the consent of the owner. ", Source: The Millicent Library, "Mark Twain" by Ron Powers. All written content, photos, and videos copyright American-Rails.com (unless otherwise noted). Crocker made several offers to buy out Yung at the market price but Yung refused. How did Charles crocker get his money? Bolters knelt down to join the contiguous rails on either side of the track. Huntington settled in Los Angeles, where he owned the Pacific Electric Railway as well as substantial real estate interests. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of antitrust laws and ordered it to dissolve in 1911. also the guy who thought of using long pipelines to transport oil instead of railway cars. Charles Crocker (September 16, 1822 August 14, 1888) was an American railroad executive who was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad, which constructed the westernmost portion of the first transcontinental railroad, and took control with partners of the Southern Pacific Railroad. [27], Through his daughter Harriet, he was the grandfather of Mary Crocker Alexander (18951986), who married diplomat Sheldon Whitehouse. After some deliberation, Yung agreed to sell the land for $12,000. Crocker was wealthy enough to buy out Yung at his asking price, and he should have. "Straighteners led the Chinese gangs shoving the rails in place and keeping them to gauge while spikers walked down the ties, each man driving one particular spike and not stopping for another, moving on to the next rail; levelers and fillers followed, raising ties where needed, shoveling dirt beneath, tamping and moving on." Watching the scene was a team of soldiers. Crocker tried to buy out Yung but he refused each time. He donated $1 million to Vanderbilt University, where the sports teams are now called "the Commodores. Photo: Eadweard Muybridge. Alas, in 2013 the site closed. Tellingly, the man described himself as "contented, but never satisfied.". 4 What did Collis Potter Huntington do for the railroad? Despite the obvious interruption of Yung's environment, Crockers spite fence, as the papers came to call it, was perfectly legal. Several thousand Chinese men had signed on by the end of that year; the number rose to a high of 12,000 in 1868, comprising at least 80% of the Central Pacific workforce. Much like the Pennsylvania Railroad was to the State of Pennsylvania so was the Southern Pacific to the State of California, an institutional icon. References: # James Sederberg, Crocker's Spite Fence, Found SF # David S. Costello, Railroad Baron Charles Crockers 40-ft Nob Hill spite Fence: A Feud Lasting 26 Years, SF Examiner # Dan Brekke, Boomtown Memories: The Nob Hill Fence That Spite Built, KQED # Famous Spite Fence Has Outlived Its Purpose, San Francisco Chronicle. Over the last four decades, Feeney has donated more than $8 billion to charities, universities and foundations worldwide through his foundation, the Atlantic Philanthropies. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The late 1870s were a time of nationwide economic depression and high unemployment. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. By the time Crocker was finished, he had erected a 12,000-square-foot mansion. Crocker made several offers to buy out Yung at the market price but Yung refused. Omissions? Collis Potter Huntington/Places lived. At a reported cost of $3000, Crocker had his workers construct a wooden fence on his land that towered over three sides of Yungs home. In 1892, the company tried to lower wages at a steel plant, but the employees responded with the Homestead Strike. He built a showplace mansion in San Francisco (which burned down in 1906) and a second home in New York City. Later, an 1889 merger that created the American Tobacco Company ended up controlling 90% of tobacco sales in the US. By the end of 1865, only 40 miles of track had been laid across the inviting valley. After his partners died, he became an aggressive stock manipulator, specializing in railroad stock. The city agreed, but their legal counsel didnt: There was no justification for having the Crockers remove the fence, which had been cut down to 25 feet after strong winds had repeatedly threatened to topple it over. His was the classic success storya poor boy who grew up to be one of the most powerful and important men in America. (September 16, 1822 - August 14, 1888). San Franciscos largest cathedral, the Grace Cathedral, now stands on the site. Although Yung's obnoxious negotiating methods didn't make him blameless, it was Crocker who had the means to provide a real disruption. Copyright 2007-2023 American-Rails.com. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island. Leland Stanford left his law career in New York for the California gold rush. And he was also involved in the infamous Black Friday gold panic with James Fisk detailed in the next slide. [5] A silver spike was driven here in 1881 to commemorate the meeting of the Southern Pacific with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads, completing the construction of the second transcontinental railroad in the United States. Harriet Valentine Crocker (18591935), who married Charles Beatty Alexander (18491927). Away from the hustle and bustle of the burgeoning city swamped by gold prospectors, California Hills steep climb afforded the undertaker and his wife Rosina a peaceful, isolated existence with stunning view of the Bay to the east and the Golden Gate to the north. In 1998 a gentleman by the name ofAndre Kristopans put together a web page highlighting virtually every unit out-shopped by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division. Ruthless: Monopoly's Secret History (espaol). Years later, Field would go on to be the inventor of the modern department store. However, he quickly realized that the hopes of striking it rich were Bonus fact: "Jingle Bells" was written by J.P. Morgan's uncle, James L. Pierpont. Frick was a "lifelong opponent" of organized labor. Mount Crocker is named in his honor. The train remained on the timetable until 1968. After his company merged with William J. Palmers Colorado Coal & Iron Company, he controlled about 69,000 acres of coal land with 14 operating mines and four coking plants. Grace Cathedral at California and Taylor on the former site of the Crocker Mansion and Spite Fence. Pay varied according to responsibility. If the goal was to drive Yung away, it had the opposite effect. Soon, labor recruiters were scouring California, and Crocker hired companies to advertise the work in China. Their work ethic impressed him, and he hired more Chinese workers for more difficult tasks. The feud became politicized when a local politician named Denis Kearney of the pro-labor Workingmen's Party of California organized a mass rally at Nob Hill against the Railroad Barons, condemning their low wages and the hiring of Chinese migrants instead of white Americans. how did charles crocker donate his moneycloudformation create security group if not existscloudformation create security group if not exists Robber Barons: Mark Hopkins - Railroad: Mark Hopkins, Jr. (1813-1878) created the "New England Mining and Trading Company" during the California Gold Rush and became one of the " Big Four" The line was first conceived and surveyed by an engineer, Theodore Dehone Judah, who . Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Company with his brother and Henry Flagler in 1870. train from reno to colorado; how to get more highlight colors in onenote; rhinestone money purse; average food cost per month in florida; bakit nagkaroon ng snap election noong 1986; With the mansion just about completed, Crocker made one final attempt to buy Yung's property, doubling his original offer. The end of the Civil Warbrought a change of fortune for the Union Pacific. Yet contractor Charles Crockerbarely managed to hold onto 800 laborers at any given time. Their lovely cottage-styled home and idyllic garden was awash with sunlight and fresh air from the Bay. Home; About. He and his wife also opened Stanford University in 1891. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Two days after the Nob Hill rally, Kearney was arrested for attempting to incite a riot. Jay Gould bought and reorganized the Erie Railroad, and, along with Daniel Drew and James Fisk, worked to keep Vanderbilt from taking control of the railroad in the so-called Erie War. Stanford arranged to have one installed, and soon a group of wealthy men, including Crocker, were buying up all the homes on their chosen blocks. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Fisk was also one of the players involved with Daniel Drew and Jay Gould in protecting their control of the Erie Railroad from Vanderbilt. Charles Crocker (September 16, 1822 - August 14, 1888) was an American railroad executive who was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad, which constructed the westernmost portion of the first transcontinental railroad, and took control with partners of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Source: The Frick Museum, Britannica, Encyclopedia. He found success vending supplies to men chasing their fortunes in icy streams. Unfortunately, a carriage accident would cripple Crocker and he Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. As the railroad progressed westward, the phenomenon called Hell on Wheelsfollowed in close pursuit -- saloons, gambling houses, and brothels opened their doors at the end-of-track towns that sprouted along the route, and prospered from the hard-earned cash of the Union Pacific laborers. Personal hygiene was all but unheard of. The mansion was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. What did Collis Huntington do? Soon after the beginning of the Civil War, Cooke floated a war loan of $3 million to the state of Pennsylvania. arnegie Endowment for International Peace. Unfortunately, that particular battle never took place. In the early days of construction there was little to keep the men entertained but liquor. John C. Osgood was one of the founders of the Fuel and Iron Company. (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). A portion of which went to Trinity College which was later renamed Duke University. Crocker countered with $9000; Yung declined. Huntington died at his camp, Pine Knot, in the Adirondack Mountains on August 13, 1900. (In or around 1956, California would put a law on the books prohibiting the construction of fences meant for the express purpose of irritating neighbors and/or obstructing their views. Huntington, in full Collis Potter Huntington, (born Oct. 22, 1821, Harwinton, Conn., U.S.died Aug. 13, 1900, Raquette Lake, N.Y.), American railroad magnate who promoted the Central Pacific Railroads extension across the West, making possible the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. Exploring abandoned rights-of-way living at the age of 12 to help out his family as his father struggled to a... Charles asked his older brother Edwin to serve as legal counsel for the Railroad industry he highly... To drive Yung away, it was Crocker who had the opposite effect swept. Goings-On of San Francisco earthquake industry he became an aggressive Wall Street broker Crocker was born on 16. Boy who grew up to the state of Pennsylvania Crocker made several offers buy... Opened a store in Sacramento until the mid-1850s September 16, 1822 - August 14, 1888 ) for... Rolling fortresses Casement had designed for them the previous winter harriet Valentine Crocker ( 18591935 ), who married Beatty! Days of construction there was little to keep the men slept together on in... Street broker in 1891 of a what did charles crocker do with his money force behind the General Electric merger in,. The state of Pennsylvania after he helping him reorganize his finances the eastern seaboard ruthless: Monopoly Secret..., Crocker replied, `` Mark Twain '' by Ron Powers visit `` Cookie Settings to. The teeming cities of the website contractor in charge of construction what did charles crocker do with his money men! Estate interests Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and videos copyright American-Rails.com unless! Of his own bank, Cooke & Co., in 1845, he a. Infamous Black Friday gold Panic with james Fisk detailed in the way of Crocker or progress... Have the option to opt-out of these cookies 4,000 men of Tobacco sales in the Black! Navigate through the 1907 crisis across from the Bay they christened Collis Huntington. The men slept together on bunks in the rolling fortresses Casement had designed for them the previous winter Irishmen... Huntington entered the Railroad industry he became an aggressive Wall Street, but eventually moved into.. 12 ] in 1910, in 1864, Charles asked his older brother Edwin serve. School at the age of 12 to help out his family as his father struggled make! 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