Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. New York: Praeger, 1990. This, plus his ensuing anti-Semitic comments, permanently stained his status as an American hero. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis implemented their so-called Final Solution to what they referred to as the Jewish problem, and carried out the systematic murder of some 6 million European Jews (along with, by some estimates, 4 million to 6 million non-Jews) in what came to be known as the Holocaust. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native Poland. Cuti Sekolah. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. Lucas, Eric. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . Why is the light so bright in the room". Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. The site, the size of four football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of 9 November 1938. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. [24] In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. Yad Vashem via AP During the 1938 pogrom, Nazis slaughtered 92 Jews and sent . Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal. Hear the fear in this night. Define genocide. Night of the broken glass. About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. All Over Again 4. Corrections? Did you know? "Silence and Outrage: Reassessing the Complex Christian Response to Kristallnacht in English-Speaking Canada. The United States was the only nation to recall its ambassador and would not replace him until after the end of the war in 1945. "Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt". [28] Their seventeen-year-old son Herschel was living in Paris with an uncle. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. Brick-throwing mobs. [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. Label boxes with PI name and room number. Two days earlier, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jewish student, shot and killed Ernst vom Rath, a member of the Nazi party. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. Shrill screams shattered. How did changing energy needs affect the public's view over time? Sweep the area as clean as possible after the larger broken pieces are picked up. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. It would become known as Kristallnacht, "the night of broken glass." His deputy Joseph Goebbels orchestrated the violence across Germany. That ended in the most vicious and heinous manner, 75 years ago Saturday, in what became known as Kristallnacht "The Night of Broken Glass." The broken glass was from Jewish homes and . [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. W ha t wa s Kri s t a l l na c ht ? For 48 terrifying hours, riotersdestroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries,ransacked,and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses. [5] Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. There, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, after conferring with Hitler, harangued a gathering of old storm troopers, urging violent reprisals staged to appear as spontaneous demonstrations. Telephone orders from Munich triggered pogroms throughout Germany, which then included Austria. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. The night of broken glass. During Kristallnacht, or "The Night of Broken Glass," Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. Prior to the horrific "Night of Broken Glass" Jews ' material comforts and mental health declined due to the early Nazi anti-Jew moves in 1933. . The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property throughout Germany and Austria. Poland stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of Polish Jews living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless. The unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). Also known as brown shirts. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. [94][95], On 9 November 2022, KFC app users in Germany were sent a message reading "It's memorial day for Kristallnacht! Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. [citation needed] This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. [31], Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. The German power metal band Masterplan's debut album, Masterplan (2003), features an anti-Nazi song entitled "Crystal Night" as the fourth track. ("Jews out, out to Palestine!"). This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an incident known as Kristallnacht, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses, and murdered close to 100 Jews. I have a right to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on earth. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. 63 terms. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Kristallnacht: The Nazi Night of Terror. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Sarah Ann Gordon sees two possible reasons for this difference. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. On Thursday, Nov. 14, Wagner College marked the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," with a luncheon lecture by Reni Hanau, a survivor of the Nazi terror. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass."The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. [20] Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews and were waiting for an appropriate provocation; there is evidence of this planning dating back to 1937. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc. Welch, Susan. TTY: 202.488.0406. Students will learn about these events by watching a short documentary and examining a range of firsthand accounts. In The. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. [54], The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. nacht (krstl-nkt, -tl-nKHt) n. The night of November 9, 1938, on which the Nazis coordinated an attack on Jewish people and their property in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. Violent attacks on Jews and Judaism throughout the Reich and in the recently annexed Sudetenland began on November 8 and continued until November 11 in Hannover and the free city of Danzig, which had not then been incorporated into the Reich. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. The Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, was a pogrom against the Jews by the Nazi Party's dread Sturmabteilung (SA) on November 9-10, 1938. November 9th 1938. . The streets were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus! During the week, he napped in a sunny corner of Mitzi Stein's dress shop and begged scrapped from Moshe the butcher. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath[4] by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. Washington, DC 20024-2126 They were involved in the destruction on Kristallnacht. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Product Details. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS - The Washington Post By Patricia Brennan November 6, 1988 The night of Nov. 9, 1938, was cold in Germany and Austria, and so was the message Adolf Hitler sent to Jews. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. Life would never be the same. [50][51][52], The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. After Kristallnacht: Broken shop windows of German-Jewish business. Despite the repressive nature of these policies, through most of 1938, the harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent. Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of Jewish homes and hospitals. [60] Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]". [6], The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. [11] Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.[12]. On the night of November 9, 1938, rampaging mobs attacked . In Berlin, police Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt barred SA troopers from setting the New Synagogue on fire, earning his superior officer a verbal reprimand from the commissioner. destroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). Rioters ransacked and looted about 7,500 Jewish businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, and vandalized Jewish hospitals, homes, schools, and cemeteries. 1 / 15. kristalnacht. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. New York 1 multimedia journalist Colleen Hagerty reported in this story about the program: NY1: Wagner College remembers Kristallnacht Watch on On November 910, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and recently incorporated territories. I must protest so that the whole world hears my protest, and that I will do." Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. New York: Berg, 1991. [citation needed], The avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklrte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after Kristallnacht, "Hatikvah", with phrases from the German national anthem "Deutschland ber Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht. Rath died two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Eric Lucas recalls the destruction of the synagogue that a tiny Jewish community had constructed in a small village only twelve years earlier: "It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but never anything as nauseating as this. Gring, who was in favor of expropriating the property of the Jews rather than destroying it as had happened in the pogrom, directly complained to Sicherheitspolizei Chief Heydrich immediately after the events: "I'd rather you had done in two-hundred Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!" One such administrator was Breckinridge Long, who was responsible for carrying out policies relating to immigration. Read, Anthony. Definition. Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . The violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes this difference Glass left the... 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