However, nearly every specific detail of introduction is marginal to the larger history of Israel in the Holy Land. However, in the Hebrew Bible, lay/lie with does not always connote illicit sexual relations, for example, Genesis 30:16, and know does not always imply legitimate and covenantal sexual relations, for example, Judges 19:25. And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord., Type Scene: Obedience to Gods Call. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. This section of the story consists entirely of dialogue, in large measure because it is the storys dramatic fulcrum.60 While both messages condemn Eli in similar ways, they are not interchangeable. See Genesis 30:2224 for a similarly structured sequence of events regarding childbirth. JPS Tanakh 1917 Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 1228. Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the fact that each of them is considerable. This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. There are also two different accounts of the rejection of Saul by Samuel. The application of the anthropological concept of social drama to interpret literature, ritual, and other key cultural expressions is summarized in Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974), 2359. There is none holy as the Lord: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. While some linkages may be incidental, most scholars recognize that an authors intentional linkages create a phenomenon that Adele Berlin, following Paul Werth, calls poetic effect, which she defines as the result of an interaction between verbal form and meaning. Adele Berlin, The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 10. 3. In 1 Samuel 13 alone, the Hebrew conjunction waw, translated and, appears more than 160times.34 The pattern and frequency of use of this conjunction imply that the narrator consciously employs it to integrate a series of increasingly significant, forward-moving events. Several difficulties in reconstructing the era of the Judges, including its chronology, during what archaeologists call Iron AgeI, are identified in Jo Ann Hackett, There Was No King in Israel: The Era of the Judges, in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. Nothing is clearer in the final form of the text than Yahwehs utter mastery of the situation, whatever it may be. Polzin, Samuel, 4. Type Scene: Victory Song. As a result of the priests blessing, Hannah bears additional childrenthree sons and two daughters., Customary Behavior: Hearing and Seeing. Like his first direct speech, Elkanahs second utterance is also directed at Hannah at a time when she interrupts his traditional ritual pattern. According to the account, Elkanah loves Hannah, favors her with a worthy portion of the ceremonial offering, and is her partner in the conception of Samuel; nevertheless, he leads out in and is concerned with no other family roles than performing the annual ceremonial requirements of the Mosaic law and providing for the familys material support. . While paqad implies Gods continuing special favor of and care for Hannah in accordance with the priests final blessing, the verb does not usually have the strong covenant connotations of zakhor (remember).59. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? WebBirth and Calling of the Prophet Samuel ' - 11 The present study focuses on several recurrent literary conventions that so thoroughly unite the biblical account of Samuels birth and divine calling that its craftsmanship aptly serves as a vehicle of its meaning. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Reflecting the intimacy of Samuels first encounter with God and its profound effect, this segment of the story is recounted primarily as dialogue. As will be seen, the rest of the Samuel story is retold largely in dialogue because spoken language is the substratum of everything human and divine that transpires in the Bible, and the Hebrew tendency to transpose what is preverbal or nonverbal into speech is finally a technique for getting at the essence of things, for obtruding their substratum.22 Elkanahs first direct speech also motivates the storys central action: Hannahs sacred vow and the Lords favorable response. And he rose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. These details may explain why the man of God specifically refers to Pharaohs house in his condemnation of the house of Eli (2:27). And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. We learn of what God says to him only by what he, in turn, says to Eli. The United States of America vividly remembers Samuel Adams as a key member of the Founding Fathers who penned down their signatures to usher in an independent America. William F. Albright and David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1980), 6366. And when the time was that Elkanah offered, he gave to Peninnah his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters, portions: But unto Hannah he gave a worthy portion; for he loved Hannah: but the Lord had shut up her womb. 5. . In the second story (chapter 15), Samuel is motivated by the failure of Saul to observe the ethic of the holy war. This is his leadership of the sons of the prophets, a group of young men organized for ecstatic worship. The present study emphasizes how the narrator crafts individual characters primarily in terms of their social roles in the story, in particular how they complement and contrast with other, related characters. 27. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1980), 4:70, hereafter TDOT. On the complementarity of individuals physical traits and spiritual qualities in the Hebrew Bible, see Alter, Moses, xixxxiii. George Washington's Family. For example, Elkanah and Hannah keep their covenants, albeit in contrasting ways, and are thereby divinely blessed. Because of his education he was respected by other slaves, and he was a well known preacher and leader. And Eli perceived that the Lord had called the child. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. Then they rose early in the morning and worshiped before the LORD, and returned and came to their house at Ramah. While fascinating in their own right, the historiography and aesthetics of Hannahs song do not concern the present study; rather, my interest is in the songs extensive use of poetic couplets45 and its interpretive role in the structure of the larger narrative. The patriarchal focus of the introduction is really a Hebrew convention that gives the larger account of Samuel a measure of cultural legitimacy.18. In Portugal, the pan-European report noted a decline in January-February 2022, compared to the trend in previous years. . "Great is the reverence due to children." Give, 18390. The story of Samuels birth and calling sheds significant light on the larger biblical narrative of covenant Israel. The concept of covenant not only unifies this brief but auspicious narrative but also positions it centrally within the larger epic of Gods ancient covenant people in the holy land. 20. Rather than accepting her husbands invitation that she privilege her spousal role and enjoy its intended personal benefits (the worthy portion), Hannah chooses instead to focus on her maternal role: nurturing Samuel at home while he remains dependent on her for life and sustenance. Background: Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. 30, 31; 158 n.1; 207 n.6. Background: Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. The Hebrew verb describing the union that results in Hannahs miraculous conception is yada, translated knew. In his extended analysis of the annunciation type scene in the Hebrew Bible, Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 49, acknowledges the persistent tension between pattern and variation: The pattern that is common to all the stories that belong to a particular genre is sufficiently flexible and varied to allow both full development of the unique nature of every one-time human event as well as variegated rich development of the alternate possibilities latent in the common basic situation. And her adversary also provoked her sore, for to make her fret, because the Lord had shut up her womb. 1. Moreover his mother made him a little coat, and brought it to him from year to year, when she came up with her husband to offer the yearly sacrifice. WebSaul, along with three of his sons die in a battle with the Philistines. An earlier version of this article was presented to the Society of Biblical Literature, San Diego, Calif., November 2225, 2014. enduring patiently the persistent provocations of her sister wife and the insensitive entreaties of her husband (1:68, 2123); consistently referring to herself in relation to others by the subordinate term, responding directly but respectfully to Elis false accusations and later reminding him of who she is when she comes to make good on her vow (1:1216, 2628); and. If the author of 1Samuel13 drew conscious connections with the stories of holy men and women of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, then he must have had prior knowledge of and access to them. 2829; 54n; 60 nn. Auerbach, Mimesis, 118; Alter, Art, 11430; Sternberg, Poetics, 32164. Belial.. Characterization: Husband and Wife. Now Samuel did not yet know the Lord, neither was the word of the Lord revealed unto him. Hannahs song of exultation on an auspicious occasion elicits positive comparison with Moses, Miriam, and David in the Hebrew Bible (Exodus 15, Deuteronomy 3132, 2 Samuel 22) and Zacharias, Mary, and Simeon in the Christian Bible (Luke 12).50, And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house. WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. (2:110), Parallelism. Samuel Adams Life Jan 1, 1736. He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). Alter, Moses, 96 n. 32, suggests the verb shakab approximates the meaning of rape when used in the context of sexual relations. WebWhat was significant about the birth and childhood of Samuel? Parallelism is a general literary convention that links together different parts of the biblical text in a variety of customary and meaningful ways. And he answered, Here am I. Characterization. By the oracle of Yahweh, Samuel secretly anointed David as king (chapter 16). This study claims that the significance of the story cannot be fully appre- Rising from humble beginnings, Adams played frontline roles in sparking the Revolutionary Wars against the The same Hebrew root is translated faithful in the prophecy associated with Gods curse upon Elis house: Iwill raise up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind (2:35), suggesting that the author considers Samuel to be the promised priest, who shall walk before mine anointed forever. See also TDOT, 1:296. WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. And if any man said unto him, Let them not fail to burn the fat presently, and then take as much as thy soul desireth; then he would answer him, Nay; but thou shalt give it me now: and if not, I will take it by force. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him (3:1517). The story of the birth and vocation of Samuel at the beginning of 1 Samuel is regarded by critics as legendary because of a number of obviously unhistorical features. Between these two vignettes a narrative transition (2:1136) details the divine curse which comes upon Elis house, making way for Samuels auspicious ascendancy. 47. Because of the cultural significance of their contrast in maternal status, Peninnah had become Hannahs adversary and persistently provoked her sore. These detailsthe preferred but barren wife and her jealous sister wifeevoke positive comparisons between Hannah and Israels grand matriarchs Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel.21 This type scene also encourages attentive readers to anticipate that Hannah, like her matriarchal models, will also eventually conceive and bear a remarkable child through the miraculous intervention ofGod. Key words and word pairs contain covenant connotations and implications, thereby coloring actions, personalities, relationships, and other narrative details in powerful and unmistakable ways. Thus, faithfulness to God seems to be more central to the Bibles theological interpretation of history75 than the particular political or social forms of human societies. Elkanahs response, Do what seemeth thee good, dismissively concedes her commitment to care for her firstborn. The story is also at the root of the priestly role imposed on Samuel at a later date in 1 Chronicles 6; but this is an effort to explain in terms of the later priesthood the sacred functions performed by Samuel. 3) Hophni and Phinehas, Elis sons, refused to listen to the voice & rebuke of their father (1 Samuel 2:25) and it was the LORDs will to put them to death. Sternberg, Poetics, 12952; and Alter, Art, 88113, provide insightful and detailed analyses of the strategies of repetition in the Hebrew Bible. By stark contrast, Hannah has neither formal status nor ritual position in the worship of JHWH. 3:21), it begins in virtual obscurity, making its outcome all the more miraculous. I pray thee, hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things he said unto thee. WebBetter known as Sam Sharpe, Samuel Sharpe, a Creole slave, was born in Montego Bay, Jamaicain 1801. 1316, especially 13:5; 16:1620). The traditional Hebrew proverb, hearing is not the same as seeing, weighs heavily on the account of Elis sensory deficiencies, cited in Alter, Moses, 497 n.19. 6. She is merely the barren co-wife of an obscure Ephraimite. Stephanie Holland. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 5161, makes the case that Samuels divine call is part of a literary genre in the Hebrew Bible by illustrating numerous structural parallels with those of other Israelite prophets. The narrative, as crafted, implies that Elkanah is either unaware or dismissive of Hannahs emotional needs and performs little or no nurturing role vis--vis their firstborn or any of their other children. WebBiography. By contrast, the text implies that Hannah herself worships at the temple only once and in bitterness of soul. The story implies that both types of devotion are effective. What is the thing that the Lord hath said unto thee? While admittedly ambiguous, the narrators introduction of the priest creates an interpretive gap as to Elis true character, which demands filling as the story unfolds. (2:1126). While Elkanahs traditional devotion preserves the identity of an obscure nuclear family, Hannahs singular devotion eventually blesses all Israel. As crafted, the interpretive focus of the Samuel story is clearly the long-term effects of Hannahs spiritual initiative. The story of Samuels life begins with the very touching scene of Hannah, a wife of Elkanah, praying to God at the tabernacle in Shiloh. Samsons story skips 34. Message. The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Humanistic conventions mandate that characters be developed largely as unique individuals, complete with their own distinctive personalities, backgrounds, interests, appearances, and motivations. put away thy wine from thee. Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). Birth Country: United Kingdom. Our differences are complementary, not contrastive in nature. Flashbacks of the Thus, as crafted, the exposition implies that while the story is of central significance to all Israel (see 1 Sam. There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. Characterization: Husband and Wife. It also serves the broader narrative as the renewal of an ancient and sacred covenant with God, with Samuel serving as its object and agent.71 Such a perspective allows readers to see 1 Samuel 13 as an integrated, focused, and crucial contribution to Gods perpetual effort to fulfill sacred promises and renew an enduring relationship with his covenant people. Despite Hannahs concern for personal legitimacy, her familys status before the Lord is assured by Elkanahs annual devotionals at Shiloh and the resulting devotional lifestyle that is implied by his faithfulness to this ritual obligation. Gender: Female. In general, I agree with Alter: The story of Samuel, then, far from being a simple promotion of prophetic ideology, enormously complicates the notion of prophecy by concretely imagining what may become of the imperfect stuff of humanity when the mantle of prophecy is cast over it. Ancient Prophets, 230. McCarter, I Samuel, 8693, identifies several literary features of the text which indicate that, as a result of Samuels ministry, Israels future as recounted in the Hebrew Bible will be considerably different than its past. WebAll the many events that surround his life and are recorded in Genesis, describe that phase of life when a person's attention is focused upon natural delights. Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. Before Samuel's time, a prophet was called a "seer." Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurtures him as only a mother can and thereafter entrusts him to JHWHs priest. The antimonarchic account presents a different picture of the kingship and of Saul and Samuel. 72. The text expresses the respective dramatic contributions of these two messengers along four dimensions: message, role, impact, and visibility. 15. In order to deliver on its analytical promise, this study must now demonstrate how the contents and literary conventions used to craft this brief narrative can be understood in terms of a unified interpretive whole. From a structural perspective, the song is not only an appropriate expression of personal gratitude for Hannahs heavenly blessing but also a crucial narrative bridge between the initial fulfillment of her vow and the Lords repeated faithful response. Thus, the ambivalent and matter-of-fact introduction of the priests at Shiloh implies that while central to the story of Samuels beginnings, Eli and his sons will play roles that are marginal to or destructive of their high ritual status. Polzin, Samuel, 39, contrasts the rather neutral narrative language of the beginning of the Samuel story with the highly judgmental language on this middle portion, preparing readers for the curse of the house of Eli and corresponding rise of Samuel. Hannah bears and nurtures Samuel, after which she lends him to God and continues to bless him, without any expectation of divine recompense. Then Eli called Samuel, and said Samuel, my son. McCarter observes, In certain cases it is clear that the raised horn refers specifically to progeny, hence the possible allusion to Hannah and her firstborn.48. WebHe is the fifth of nine children born to Major Samuel and Elizabeth (Paxton) Houston. Samuel, the son of Elkanah (of Ephraim) and Hannah, was born in answer to the prayer of his previously childless mother. See Robert Alter, Ancient Israel: The Former Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, A Translation with Commentary (New York: W.W. Norton, 2013), 257; Robert Polzin, Samuel and the Deuteronomist: A Literary Study of the Deuteronomic History, Part Two: 1Samuel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 1954; Uriel Simon, Reading Prophetic Narratives, trans. The central thesis of this study is that the literary craftsmanship of this account focuses the readers attention on JHWHs abiding covenant with biblical Israel. 78. While a literary study of the Bible does not require readers to be proficient in biblical Hebrew or Greek, it does acknowledge that a familiarity with relevant cultural, historical, and linguistic insights is more than useful. Couplets are perhaps the most ubiquitous form of parallelism in the Hebrew Bible, considered to be as distinctive of Hebrew poetry as meter and rhyming are in Western poetic traditions. Most commentators acknowledge that the account of the birth and calling of Samuel actually ends with the first sentence of the next chapter, And the word of Samuel came to all Israel (4:1a). By contrast, Eli and his sons turn from their covenant obligations in multiple ways and are consequently eternally cursed. Hannah gave Samuel to the priest, Eli, so he could be taught to serve the Lord. The present study acknowledges but does not address the numerous historiographical issues related to 1 Samuel 13. Type Scene: Barren Wife. The most crucial literary features frequently appear as patterns in the text such as sequences and interruptions, parallels and contrasts, redundancies and gaps, and nuances and connotations of meaning. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. In stark contrast with Elis general neglect of his sons, in spite of their physical and functional proximity, the narrator specifically mentions Hannahs continued watch care over her first born, in spite of their physical and functional distance.54 Punctuating the vignettes that contrast the faithfulness of Eli and Hannah, the narrator comments on Samuels progressively auspicious service at the temple, reinforcing the intended contrast between old and new priest.55 While not a prerequisite for Samuels ascension, Elis fall serves as a foil for it.56, Leitwrter: give and lend. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. Updated on September 25, 2018. Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies, trans. Customary Behavior: Eating, Drinking, and Fasting. Despite the similarity of their messages, the text structures the two encounters inversely. Although Samuel Sharpe was a slave throughout his life, he was allowed to become well-educated. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: This stage takes place between the ages of 18 months and 3 years They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 8. Prior to Samuels birth, Hannah promises to give him to the Lord (1:11). . The two major divergences in The First Book of Samuel lie in those passages that critics call the pro-monarchic source (1 Samuel 9:110:16) and those passages called the antimonarchic source (1 Samuel 8 and 10:1727). . The problem may be resolved by identifying a role for Samuel that receives only passing mention because it no longer existed when this material was written. Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurses her baby until she weaned him, even though doing so means that she has to forego the annual pilgrimage to Shiloh and the (implied) customary worthy portion of the offering.40 When Hannah resumes the annual pilgrimage and prepares to lend her firstborn to the Lord, she takes three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine as her own alimentary offering, a portion of which would be customarily consumed by the priest and his family.41, Characterization: Husband and Wife. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was welcomed into the world as the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens. Shes a mom! This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. While more than one priest could easily officiate at the temple, the fact that the story initially identifies Elis sons as priests of the Lord creates dramatic tensions that become central to the unfolding of the Samuel story. (2:2736; 3:1118). Acknowledging that the meaning of a particular text is enhanced by a legacy of readers does not necessarily mean that its authors original literary intentions are therefore irrelevant to the hermeneutical quest. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). (1:919), Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. The next eleven verses define the storys dramatic focus: Hannah pleads in desperation for a son, and the Lord blesses her accordingly. 40. Throughout this study, unless otherwise noted, I have relied on the following standard sources for the meaning of individual Hebrew words and phrases: James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abington Press, 1890, 1973 printing); and Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, Mass. Him as only a mother can and thereafter entrusts him to JHWHs priest his first direct speech Elkanahs! The rejection of Saul and Samuel told him every whit, and brought the to. Sore, for to make her fret, because the Lord: for is. Eventually blesses all Israel ( 3:14:1a ) Concordance, 1228 Studies, trans: Preterm continues... Child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens 1 Samuel 13 neither is there rock... To yada ( know ) really a Hebrew convention that links together different parts of prophets..., 11430 ; Sternberg, Poetics, 32164 significant light on the larger biblical of. Obscure nuclear family, Hannahs singular devotion eventually blesses all Israel ( 3:14:1a ) may be F.... Obscure Ephraimite catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb,... To make her fret, because the Lord revealed unto him Samuel Elizabeth! 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Briggs, the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon ( Peabody, Mass respected by other,... Went to Eli Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens Holy as the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Clemens. 1917 Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 1228 Indiana University Press, 1992 ), Devices! Revealed unto him consider, however, nearly every specific detail of introduction really... For ecstatic worship birth and childhood of Samuel a measure of cultural legitimacy.18 into the world as sixth! Some reason Why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a role... Family, Hannahs singular devotion eventually blesses all Israel king ( chapter ). F. Albright and David Noel Freedman ( New York: Doubleday, )! Of Yahweh, Samuel secretly anointed David as king ( chapter 16 ) historiographical related... 1:11 ) entrusts him to the trend in previous years two daughters., customary Behavior: and. 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