In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. The next kind of management is human management [19]. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. This is the reclamation of a river for the purpose of constructing roads, residential quarters and industries [4]. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. The results of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. Advertisement The tender for the. Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. Licensee IntechOpen. ( See also city; urban planning .) This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. The practice may be temporary solution . Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. Answer this Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. Landscape reclamation is. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. *Address all correspondence to: [email protected]. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. 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