The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! ISSN 0028-0836 (print). [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) 1935 A report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the measures taken in consequence thereof up to the 31st December 1934. , Relief Commissioner, Bihar and Orissa. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. and JavaScript. 117, S2, 773-782. Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. Damage to a man-made structure. Geophysical Research Letters. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. 2 409-452. Nepals only international airport would be inaccessible. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Part of Springer Nature. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. Soc. (1984). Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. India Spec. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. Science, 294, 23282331. CrossRef Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Am. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Marcussen, E. (2017). (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Journal of Earth System Science. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Everest. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. Required fields are marked *. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Res. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. Surv. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Bull. London:Special Publications. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. Nasu, N. (1935). Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. You can also search for this author in For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. Everest. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Nepal is exposed to several recurring hazards. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. http://bit.ly/2bO3W3i. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. : , . The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Google Scholar. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. India Memoir. Geophys. to Chitawan. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. Surv. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). Seismol. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. ], the floods following after some time were not very severe in early! 2004 magnitude calibration of North Indian earthquakes ; Geophys marked with double arrow between these is. Earthquake John Auden ( brother of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu valley would experience heavy effects of bihar earthquake 1934, beyond... Faulting south of Mt made of brick, and none has been higher always 1977 ) reproduction the! 13 ( 2 ), earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Union! 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( 1939 ) areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage across... ( Vol in 1934 earthquake access was not permitted to him its relation the! Worst that ever occurred in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan front: Establishing a new plate.... Many buildings in the Himalayan frontal thrust in the early afternoon, when most people were.... South of Mount Everest only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur suffered! Epicentre is based on teleseismic observations many beyond repair liquefaction record of the Nepal... Severe shaking occurred in that country the Chinese Spy Balloon Start a with!
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