Can anyone inform me of the whereabouts of John Person, the son of Hannah Person, of Alexandria, Va., who belonged to Alexander Sancter? A group of Franklins indirect white descendants learned of their relationship to the slave trader a few years ago and, in 2018, donated money and relics to the Alexandria museum located where their ancestors business once stood. Her research is like a poke salad, she says, dropping a Tennessee-ism. But when the slaves marched, it was known as Little River Turnpike. The coffle headed west out of Alexandria. 1730) John. Call me Ser Boxley, he says. They dont do family history, because they think, Oh, it was too cruel, and so brutal, and why should I look at it up close? I am not one of those people.. Bettie was sold to a man named Reed, and I was sold and carried to New Orleans and from there to Texas. My heart grieves over Sarah and I do wish it could be different, he wrote. There was also Mitchell, a boy of 10 or 11, and Foster, 20-ish and strong, his prize hand. In Louisiana the top prices could be had for a buck, a muscled man bound for the hell of the sugar fields. A sofa and chair that belonged to Isaac Franklins parents. They continued in black newspapers until World War I, fully 50 years after Emancipation. Franklin disposed of their bodies in a bayou down the road. At the central square are the contradictions of a Deep South village, both of Wallers time and the present. Isaac had a child by a black woman before he married, Thomson says. Daniel is pleasant, happy to talk about his hardscrabble days. BY KATE PARRISH O n May 11, 1857, James Hervey Otey, the Episcopal bishop of Tennessee, wrote to John Armfield asking for help. If they are alive, I will be glad to hear from them. I did not know before I came home whether my parents were dead or alive. And now, mother nor father did not know me., Edward Ball Kenneth Thomson opens the door to his house, which is clapboard and painted a pretty cottage yellowquaint, not grand. Last came the women and girls. In 1833, John Armfield shipped a gang of people to Natchez, where Isaac Franklin received them. Red flags fluttered down the streets in Richmond, on Wall Street in Shockoe Bottom, she said. We had a guy that doubled as a driver and supervised the warehouse. Every few miles, Armfield and his chained-up gang came to a toll station. I mean, people who do not understand the old lifestylestheir standpoint on life, and their education, are what today we consider limited. Near a school playground in the middle of Raymond, I find the Dabney family graveyard, surrounded by an iron fence. He died of old age in 1871. When Franklin wed a rich socialite in 1839, he had been raping the same enslaved woman for about five years and had fathered a child with her, Rothman said. He lives alone in a five-room cottage in a black section of town, away from the camera-ready center of Natchez. The people who accompanied him included a boy of 8 or 9 called Pleasant; Mitchell, who was 10 or 11; a teenage boy named Samson; three teenage sisters, Sarah Ann, Louisa and Lucy; Henry, about 17; a man named Nelson and his wife; a man in his 20s called Foster; and a young mother named Sarah, with her daughter Indian, about age 2. Waller was 58, not young but still fit. We have been stopped for two days by the breaking up of turnpikes and bridges. After Swan Creek, McLishs Stand. Should you purchase a good lot for walking I will bring them out by land this summer, Franklin had written. When John Armfield was born in 1763, in Guilford, North Carolina, United States, his father, Isaac Armfield Jr, was 37 and his mother, Elizabeth Brown, was 23. John Armfield (1797-1871) was an American slave trader. Visitation will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM at the Royer Funeral Home (100 Royer Ln, Grain Valley, MO 64029). He could write a letter.. In Maine and Tennessee, Maryland and Texas, the descendants of Isaac Franklin were galvanized by the news of white supremacists rallying against the removal of Confederate statues at the. So Ben Keys son Hilery Key, who was a slave born in 1833, and brother to Jack Key, my great-grandfather, was one of the 22 men who founded the Methodist Episcopal Church in this area. Louisiana had a law that said children under 10 could not be separated from their mothers. Hannah Cole was one of them, maybe the first. Trailer-park childhood. Never heard of it. I want to resurrect the history of the enslavement trade, and for 20 years, that is where Ive focused.. The coffle moved along at three miles an hour. Multiply that by 200. Spindly pine and oaks away off the roadbed, a third-growth woods. of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] There was a pair of carriages for the whites. They are each others closest friends and thats rooted in their working relationship, Rothman said. But the tourist money is fairly recent. In the morning during winter, the high selling season, black people were marched in circles in front of the dealers shacks. Part of Virginias section of that highway is known as the Lee-Jackson Highway, a love note to Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, the two Confederate generals. We have about ten thousand dollars to pay yet. On the whole, things werent that bad. His trip on the Slave Trail, like most others, would end in Natchez and New Orleans. Yet today, almost no one knows their names. The story of the masses who trekked a thousand miles, from the tobacco South to the cotton South, sometimes vanished in an economic tale, one about the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It sometimes sank into a political story, something to do with the Louisiana Purchase and the first Southwestthe young states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Thats on the Internet. I had never seen so revolting a sight before, he said. It is peculiar that a man can pity himself for being unable to sell a roomful of teenagers he has known since their birth, but as Florence Blair says, thats what it was. The partners employed stringersheadhunters who worked on commissioncollecting enslaved people up and down the East Coast, knocking on doors, asking tobacco and rice planters whether they would sell. The Valley Turnpike once ran on its edge, and the coffle of 300 saw the place from the road. His book, Slaves in the Family (1998) won the National Book Award and was a New York Times bestseller. My plan is, take my negroes to Raymond about 150 miles from here and put them with Mr. Dabney and look out for purchasers, Waller told his wife. There was one place en route, however, with a small slave marketAberdeen, Mississippi. It took two days wages if you earned 50 cents a day, what freedpeoplea new wordwere starting to get for work. It would have been the easiest thing to do. Researching people who were slaves is like a mystery tale. He did it, but it is what it is. Armfields marriage never yielded any children, and Franklins children with Hayes all died without producing offspring, according to Rothman, so the two men have no direct white descendants living today. That comes to $140,000, or about $3.5 million today. My ancestor James was dabbling in some slave dealing on these tripssmall amount, nothing big. I think America continues to be uncomfortable talking about the original sin of slavery, McInnis said. Exceedingly heavy and continued rains have stopped our progress, he told his wife. As she talks and points out objects, I notice something I had never seen during many visits to this archive: black people. I do not approve of revisionist historians. Before he married, Isaac had companions, some willing, some unwilling. Some whites went to the slave auctions for entertainment. The tan clapboard housefolding chairs and a hammock in the front yard, cinder blocks and planks for front stepsoverflows inside with books, LPs, folk art, old newspapers, knickknacks, clothes in piles and unidentifiable hoards of objects. After 15 years at various Tennessee hospitals, and after 15 years selling makeup for Mary Kay Cosmetics (and driving a pink Cadillac, because she moved a ton of mascara), she now occupies herself with family history. The auction advertisements at the end of the Slave Trail always said, Virginia and Maryland Negroes.. Mystery solved, she says. The auctioneer was a handsome young man, devoting himself exclusively to the sale of young mulatto women, the reporter wrote of a sale in 1855. But here, they were marching through wilderness. No. I take the old route to Knoxville, but then get onto the freeway, Interstate 40. The people in them are well-dressed. Between the 1820s and 1830s, the two men reigned as the undisputed tycoons of the domestic slave trade, as Smithsonian Magazine put it. The Armfield coffle of 1834 is better documented than most slave marches. Sometimes they were forced to. Brooks Brothers was top-of-the-line slave clothing, Greenwald says. They were made to go, deported, you could say, having been sold. All these people came from Virginia, she says. Not a single offer, Waller wrote. Through their company, commonly known as Franklin and. Armfield then ordered the men in irons to get in the water. As for Sarah and Indian, they had been taken from Sarahs husband and her mother. Will you send her out or shall I charge you $1,100 for her?, To maximize her price, Franklin might have sold the Charlottesville maid at one of the public auctions in the city. I am now waiting for a safe boat to set out for you, he wrote. He was an amateur slave trader, not a pro like Armfield, and his journey, though from another year, is even better documented. soon moved the BUcks COunty, PA where he taught school and had 5 sons and 3 daughters. Sometimes, as in Balls case, the chain ran through an iron neck collar. Armfield crossed them on flatboats. He was born in 1789 to a wealthy planter family in Tennessee that owned a significant number of enslaved people, according to Rothman. Later the same wagons hauled those who had collapsed and could not be roused with a whip. They had seen the money others were making by selling out and decided to do the same. Northern Shenandoah was wheat country then, with one in five people enslaved and hoeing in the fields. But Sarah seems happy.. Recently, Laise tells me, she stumbled on evidence that in the 1820s a large number of people went up for sale at Belle Grove. Map sources: Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond; Edward Ball; Guilbert Gates; Dacus Thompson; Sonya Maynard, Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, AP Photo/The Natchez Democrat, Ben Hillyer, Subscribe to Smithsonian magazine now for just $12. He would stop the group in its tracks, pull out his purse and pay the man. You see, blacks were better off coming to this country. Boxley lets less than a second pass. You need to look that up. There were others. Uncle Isaac was different. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were J ohn, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac an d Thomas and all their families. The negroes are happy, he says repeatedly. Even while actively trading slaves, the two men enjoyed an excellent reputation and moved in top-tier social circles, according to Rothman. The expectation of so many slaves was that their families would be annihilated, and so it became important to be able to forget. In 1833, the slave-trading firm of Franklin and Armfield was buying at least 1,000 people a year out of the Mid-Atlantic states and selling them in New Orleans and Natchez, where Isaac Franklin spent most of his time. The trace was a 450-mile roadtrace being the colonial word for a native trail through forestand the only overland route from the plateau west of the Appalachian Range leading to the Gulf of Mexico. They record the names, heights, ages, sex and coloration as determined by the person looking at them. The fancy trade meant women sold as forcible sex partners. Thomson emphasizes these last sentences. Today as then, Raymond, Mississippi, is a crossroads, population 2,000. Waller planned to sell all of them. He had six plantations and 650 slaves.. So Isaac had at least one black child, but this daughter of his left the state of Tennessee, and nobody knows what happened to her. Wallers letters are imprecise on his route, and by 1847 there were a few roads from Tennessee into Mississippi. The site is empty but for the five markers, paid for by the City of Natchez. Sarah and Indian, the mother and daughter, wanted to be sold together. They were the parents of at least 2 sons and 4 daughters. Developing the exhibit, Greenwald and her team created a database of names of the enslaved who were shipped from the Eastern states to New Orleans. And in Gallatin there is a church named after one of the Key family preachers. Well, Germans and Scots-Irish settled the Shenandoah, thats who was here. Advertising Notice John Armfield. Do you know anything about the chain gangs that streamed southwest through these parts? These children were not 10. The coffles followed the same routethrough Kingston, Crab Orchard, Monterey, Cookeville, Gordonsville, Lebanon and, finally, Nashville. But because of their background and lack of education, they just sort of slid into slavery. A black man asks:I am a middle-class father. So as far as hating him, I dont have a strong dislike for him. The Quakers have largely gone, and there are still many fewer black people than back in Virginia, 100 miles east. 1730 including research + descendants + more in the free family tree community. Most slave traders at that time were considered common and uncouth, with no social graces. Also, an elderly black woman named Charity, whom he and Sarah had kept at home, knowing that no one would offer money for her. In 1835, it was 4,723. She points to a beautiful piece of silk printed with the sentence, Slaves must be cleared at the Customs House. Its a sign that probably hung in staterooms on steamships. A kind of check-your-luggage announcement. Actually, Uncle Isaac sent her off because he didnt want her around after he married.. Armfield. They got into the domestic slave trade just as the cotton economy and American demand for enslaved labor exploded, and quit right before the United States sank into the financial panic of 1837. Fairvue was a working plantation, but it was also an announcement that the boy from Gallatin had returned to his humble roots in majesty. People are still talking about how the slave trade was marginal, slave traders were these ostracized dirtbags, and slaveholders only bought and sold people when they had to, Rothman said. He was not ignorant. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island. Wallers testimony, to my knowledge, has never been examined in detail. Armfield watched and smoked. If any man lost his footing, everyone could be washed downstream, yanked one after another by the chain. Franklin sold the enslaved woman and her baby right after his wedding. I am president of the Sumner County Hysterical Society, he cracks, the only place you get respect for knowing a lot of dead people.. In 1832, at age 43, supremely rich from 20 years as a long-distance trader, Franklin built a big house on 2,000 acres outside Gallatin. This is one of the richest portions of the state and perhaps one of the most healthy, he wrote home. One half the circumference of the rotunda is occupied by the bar of the hotel, and the other half by entrances to the vaulted room. My direct ancestor is Isaacs brother James. What to do or where to go I know notI am surrounded by difficulty, he brooded. Boyd, Samuel S. Clay, Henry, 1777-1852. In the old days, there were few black people here, a lot of Quakers and the beginning of an antislavery movement. The marchers and the roadwork gangs, slaves all, traded long looks. My purchasertold me that we must set out that very day for the South, he wrote. And it really is a trace, the faint line of what used to be a wagon road. Hite expressed regret that he had to charge interest if buyers insisted on using credit. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage which he said he discovered through DNA testing in an essay included in " Slavery's. No answer, despite several cars in the drive. She is a politician now, elected to the city council in the late 1990s and to the Virginia House of Delegates in 2009. Ben Key was a slave to Isaac Franklin at Fairvue. In Knoxville, in October 1847, Waller readied his gang of 20 or more for the second half of their journey. Born 50 miles that way, Radford for 20 years. Outside universities and museums, the story of the Slave Trail lives in shards, broken and scattered. We had a cook, a black man. Daniels expression empties. You feel something here? Like other Franklin gangs, the 300 probably got on flatboats in the Cumberland River and floated three days down to the Ohio River, and then drifted down another day to reach the Mississippi. The drama of a million individuals going so far from their homes changed the country. Surnames; Search People; Those kinds of stubborn myths they need demolition., Aaron Burr villain of Hamilton had a secret family of color, new research shows. In a front room, a paralleldozens of photos of the slave factories of Ghana and Sierra Leone, where captives were held before being sent to the Americas. But I recognize the melody, and let the song pass. PARENT . After a few days Glenn turned up in Roxboro. It ran to 900 pages. The house bursts with 19th-century chairs, rugs, settees, tables and pictures. In Edinburg, a history bookshop. Numerous fires were gleaming through the forest: it was the bivouac of the gang, wrote the traveler, George Featherstonhaugh. He had some of those. This seemed to be as much a part of Franklin and Armfields culture of business as, say, going to the bar after a successful court case might be the culture of a successful law firms business.. Theres no indication anywhere in the record that they felt guilty over what they did., Rothman is one of a small handful now fighting to remember the two men who arguably served as the founding fathers of Americas domestic slave trade. Franklin, who was approaching his 50s, was tired and didnt want to do it anymore, Rothman said. After an hour of this, the showing of the lively stock, the enslaved stood in rows on long overhanging porches. Swinging back into Mississippi, Old Factors Stand, LeFleurs Stand, Crowders Stand, others. I joined fifty-one other slaves whom he had bought in Maryland. A padlock was added to the handcuffs, and the hasp of each padlock closed on a link in a chain 100 feet long. As the steamboat churned to dock, it passed ships berthed five or six deep, miles of them, from all nations of the earth, bringing in their products and carrying away ours. The arrival, gangplank on the levee, cargo everywhere. It gave the Deep South a character it retains to this day; and it changed the slaves themselves, traumatizing uncountable families. In the library at Yale I did a bit more unearthing and found a travelogue by a man named Ethan Andrews, who happened to pass through Alexandria a year later and witness the organizing of an Armfield coffle. She pulls out an October 1824 newspaper ad, placed by Isaac Hite, master of Belle Grove (and brother-in-law to President Madison). They came to the New River, a big flow about 400 feet across, and to a dock known as Ingles Ferry. Shoes with crepe soles. The original John Armfield, from whom all the Armfields of whom we know were descended, was born in the north of England in 1695. The Civil War interrupted the fortunes of the southern plantation owners and the cottages acquired by them were taken back by John Armfield. Human bondage began I dont know when, but early, thousands of years ago. They say there were no feelings here.. Looking for any information about the ancestors and descendents of John Armfield.I am descended through his daughter, Nancy Ann Armfield. I think slavery developed here primarily because of the ignorance of the blacks. Of course, that is only some.. And this is one of its most horrific chapters.. Cobwebs to the face, bugs buzzing, overhanging branches to duck. The chain gang also has roots in the Slave Trail. It sat under a piece of glass and measured about 2 by 4 feet. Franklin and Armfield, who headquartered their slave trading business in a townhouse that still stands in Alexandria, Va., sold more enslaved people, separated more families and made more money from the trade than almost anyone else in America. Bill Keeling, male, age 11, height 45 | Elisabeth, female, age 10, height 41 | Monroe, male, age 12, height 47 | Lovey, female, age 10, height 310 | Robert, male, age 12, height 44 | Mary Fitchett, female, age 11, height 411. Can you put it aside? And the auction setting of choice was a place called the St. Louis Hotel, Greenwald says, a block from here.. The three sisters had been taken from their parents, as had Pleasant, Mitchell and Samson. Early the next morning, the gang readied again for the march. Thereand this is conjecture, based on what happened to other gangshalf of the big gang might have been sold. You then have to squeeze through a countless multitude of men, women, and children of all ages, tongues, and colors of the earth until you get into the city proper., He had heard bad things about New Orleans, expected to be frightened by it, and was. Its been a long time. One of the most persistent misconceptions about slavery in the United States is that the white upper class refused to associate with slave traders on principle, Rothman said a myth the case of Franklin and Armfield disproves. Ball was bought by a slave trader on Marylands Eastern Shore, and later wrote a memoir. In the deep archive of the Virginia Historical Society I discovered an extraordinary batch of letters that Waller wrote about the experience of selling people he had known and lived with for much of his life. Some had cholera, and these enslaved people died. But bad habits concerning sex were rampant among some of those men. In Raymond, thanks to Thomas Dabney, Waller had gotten in touch with a slave seller named James Ware, a 42-year-old with Virginia roots. But until recently, the Slave Trail was buried in memory. The great fall in cotton has so alarmed the people that there is not the slightest prospect of our selling our negroes at almost any price, he wrote home. [1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South . Boxley left Natchez in 1960, at age 20. It is an easy chat between strangers, until I bring up the slave days. It reads, in uppercase Helvetica, STAND UP HELP SAVE FORKS OF THE ROAD SLAVE MARKET SITES NATCHEZ MS. He often holds the sign while standing next to the patch of grass that is the only visible remnant of Forks of the Road. Many people had scars from whipping. Franklin died in 1846 of intestinal issues. Now those, gesturing at some more yellowed papers, are the worst for me, she says. John Armfield, junior partner in the firm Franklin and Armfield of Alexandria, was one of the most prominent slave traders in Virginia. They were once Americas cruelest, richest slave traders. The abolitionist, knowing full well Armfields profession, nonetheless wrote: He is a man of fine personal appearance, and of engaging and graceful manners.. While their business strategy was not especially innovative, it was conducted on a scale bigger and better than anyone else, Rothman said. John Armfield (abt. That is the equivalent of $35,000 today. He was a strict Quaker and a school teacher by profession. He was born in 1812 in Virginia. It has a double portico, with four Ionic columns on the first level and four on the second. Americas forgotten migration the journeys of a million African-Americans from the tobacco South to the cotton South, Edward Ball; Photographs by Wayne Lawrence. Born in 1797 to lapsed Quakers who farmed several hundred acres in North Carolina and owned a small number of enslaved people, Armfield spent his early adulthood pursuing a variety of unsuccessful ventures, including a small mercantile shop which he was forced to abandon after his affair. Ten years ago there was an old beer garden standing on this site, where whites watched football and drank, and there was a gravel lot where trucks were parked. The city bought the half-acre lot in 1999, thanks largely to his agitation. History The history of Beersheba Springs Assembly is complicated; birthed in a spirit of healing and retreat, it thrived from the capital investment of notorious slave trader John Armfield. Franklin probably bought him there and brought him to Tennessee in the early 1830s. In place of towns were stands every 10 or 15 miles. Other white men, similarly armed, were arrayed behind him. Leave a sympathy message to the family on the memorial page of John Hawkins Jr. to pay them a last tribute. His humanity was not always visible, but it was there. We in New Orleans have come a long way since Hurricane Katrina in terms of the comfort level of addressing certain subjects. The cut is about 12 feet wide, with shallow ditches on each side. The paper started a column called Lost Friends, a page on which people called out for family that had disappeared on the Slave Trail. On Tuesday, October 19, the troop headed southwest, Waller leading from his horse and his friend James Taliaferro bringing up the rear, both men armed. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life and death 4 See also 5 References The three sisters, Sarah Ann, Louisa and Lucy, also wanted to be sold together, which was not likely to happen, and they knew it. We would like to see it, if possible. 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